We are still learning about Zika virus and how it affects pregnancy. We hope to find answers that will help inform care for children exposed to Zika in the womb.
Zika's Effects on the Developing Brain
Infants exposed to Zika in the womb can be born with a small head, a condition called microcephaly. But a small head is only the most visible result. Researchers are finding that Zika also can affect the structure and function of a baby's brain, regardless of head size.
Healthy brain
Graphic: A healthy brain
Microcephaly:
Graphic: A microcephalic brain
Zika disrupts cells in the developing brain so that the brain and head do not reach full size
Brain calcifications:
Graphic: A brain with calcifications
Calcium builds up in brain tissue and interferes with brain function.
Enlarged ventricles:
Graphic: A brain with enlarged ventricles
Spaces inside the brain, called ventricles, are too big, leading to fluid buildup (hydrocephalus) and pressure.
Other Zika-associated brain abnormalities include a smooth brain with no or few folds (lissencephaly), the collapse of the skull (fetal brain disruption sequence), an asymmetrical brain, and the absence of some normal brain structures.
Graphic: Silhouette of a young girl
The long-tern consequences of exposure to Zika in the womb are still unclear. Based on what is known about fetal exposure to Zika and other infections, problems may include:
- Hearing problems
- Vision problems
- Balance issues
- Developmental and learning delays
- Problems swallowing
- Seizures
- Stiffness and impaired movement
- Low birth weight
- Behavioral issues
NICHD investigates development throughout the entire life process, including fetal development and early childhood.
Studying Zika and its effects will help us care for children—both now and as they grow—so they can reach their potential for healthy lives. Learn more about NICHD-supported research on Zika virus at www.nichd.nih.gov/zikaresearch.
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