Other Pregnancy FAQs

The amount of weight you should gain during pregnancy depends on your weight before you got pregnant. Your health care provider will advise you on a healthy weight gain based on your current weight, diet, and activity level. Typically, weight gain should be gradual throughout pregnancy, with a total of about 1 to 4 pounds in the first trimester and 2 to 4 pounds each month in the second and third trimesters.¹

In 2009, the Institute of Medicine released new recommendations for total weight gain during pregnancy, based on pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) , a measure that combines height and weight. According to these recommendations:

• Women in a healthy weight range before getting pregnant should gain between 25 and 35 pounds.
• Women who have underweight or overweight before becoming pregnant may need to gain more or less.
  • For women with a BMI of less than 18.5, total weight gain should be between 28 and 40 pounds.
  • Women with a BMI between 25 and 29.9 should gain between 15 and 25 pounds.
  • Women with a BMI greater than 30 should gain between 11 and 20 pounds.²

More recent guidance from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists largely agrees with these general recommendations, but recognizes that women may vary in how much weight they need to gain to have a healthy infant. Women who have overweight or obesity and are pregnant should discuss their weight gain needs with their doctor. ³ 

It's important for women to discuss with their health care provider how to maintain a healthy weight during pregnancy, as having overweight or obesity can affect pregnancy outcomes and the long-term health of the mother and infant. An NICHD study found that women who had obesity before pregnancy were more likely to have infants born with congenital anomalies such as heart problems and neural tube defects.⁴

Research is starting to improve our understanding of obesity in the United States and how obesity affects short- and long-term health. Even young children are at risk for devloping obesity, making them vulnerable to diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions throughout their lives.

The good news is that with better knowledge, actions can be taken to prevent the development of overweight and obesity—starting even before pregnancy. For example, the following steps can help ensure a healthy pregnancy and reduce the chance that a child will have overweight or obesity:⁵

• Women who are planning a pregnancy can take steps to achieve a healthy weight.
• Women who have diabetes (high blood sugar) can modify their lifestyle by achieving a healthy weight, engaging in physical activity, and getting their diabetes under control before they get pregnant.
• By getting regular prenatal care and tracking their weight gain during pregnancy, women can ensure that they gain the proper amount of weight while pregnant.
• Breastfeeding can help reduce the long-term risk that an infant will develop obesity, diabetes, or high blood pressure.⁶
• Being at a healthy weight before pregnancy reduces the chances that a woman will develop gestational diabetes (high blood sugar that starts during pregnancy). Children whose mothers had gestational diabetes are at higher lifetime risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes can also cause problems for the newborn, including dangerously low blood sugar, difficulty breathing at birth because of delayed lung maturation, neonatal liver disease, and large body size that may cause injuries at birth.⁷
• By stopping smoking during pregnancy, women can reduce the chances that their infant will develop obesity during his or her lifetime.⁸
• Breastfeeding an infant for at least 6 months and making sure that he or she gets enough sleep can also help increase the chances that he or she maintains a healthy weight for life.^9,10

Medication use during pregnancy is common. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that nearly all women take at least one medication during pregnancy and, most women, take at least one prescription medication during pregnancy. The CDC also reports that the use of four or more medications anytime in pregnancy has more than doubled since the 1990s.¹¹

Certain medications can harm the fetus during pregnancy, however. Talk to your health care provider about the medications you currently take. Tell him or her about prescription and over-the-counter medications, as well as dietary, vitamin, and herbal supplements. Certain types of medications for treating acne, as well as herbal and dietary supplements, can harm the developing fetus. Even ibuprofen or aspirin can cause problems in pregnancy, particularly during the last 3 months.^12,13

Many women take medications during pregnancy to treat health problems like diabetes, asthma, heartburn, and morning sickness. Other women take medications to treat conditions they had before they became pregnant. In many cases, health care providers will encourage pregnant women to continue taking their medication. However, in some cases, a safer alternative may be available.¹²

Read more about medication safety during pregnancy at the Food and Drug Administration Medicine and Pregnancy page.

Yes. Research shows that the seasonal flu shot is safe and effective for pregnant women.

Pregnant women who get the flu are at higher risk for hospitalization and death, compared to non-pregnant women with the flu. That's because a pregnant woman's body experiences changes in the functioning of her immune, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. When combined with the flu, these changes can sometimes result in serious problems.

Infection during pregnancy also poses risks to the health of the fetus and may lead to preterm birth or congenital anomalies. Simply having the flu does not mean these problems will occur, but it does increase the risk of these and other conditions.

The flu shot or "inactivated flu virus vaccine" can prevent the flu from occurring or can sometimes lessen the symptoms and their severity. When received during pregnancy, the vaccine also protects a newborn from the flu for up to 6 months after birth.

Research supported by NICHDⁱ and otherⁱⁱ has shown that the flu shot is safe and effective for use at any time during pregnancy. There is no evidence that it is harmful to women or their fetuses. There is also no evidence of poor health outcomes among infants whose mothers received the flu shot during pregnancy.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that pregnant women and women who will be pregnant during flu season be vaccinated against seasonal flu. The nasal spray flu vaccine is not recommended for pregnant women. Learn more: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines/keyfacts.html.

1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551710;
   http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21945263
2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23921876;
   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23762229/;
   http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23635613;
   http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23090460;
   http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22920059;
   http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22920053;
   http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18799552;
   http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21058908

Most women with disabilities can have healthy pregnancies and deliver healthy babies, especially if they have a health care team that is knowledgeable about their disability. However, in a national study, many women reported difficulty finding health care providers and hospitals that had experience managing pregnancies with their disability.¹⁵

Women with disabilities face many of the same health problems, including weight gain and fatigue, as other pregnant women. However, these problems can be more serious or lead to other complications in women with disabilities. Other challenges faced by women with disabilities may include:¹⁵

• More problems with bladder function, such as infections and leakage. An increase in infections could lead to pregnancy loss, preterm labor, and a low-birth-weight infant.
• Breathing difficulties and pneumonia, particularly for women who have breathing problems before pregnancy.
• Worsening of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) following delivery. One study shows that this occurs within 1 month of delivery in as many as 30% of pregnant women with MS.¹⁴
• Increased seizures in women who experience seizures already as a result of a traumatic brain injury.
• Autonomic dysreflexia (a severe, sudden rise in blood pressure). The risk of autonomic dysreflexia is increased for pregnant women with spinal cord injuries.