Alphabetical Listing of Systematic Reviews

NICHD Cochrane Neonatal Home Page

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

• Acupuncture for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in neonates
• Ad libitum or demand/semi-demand feeding versus scheduled interval feeding for preterm infants
• Adrenaline for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with cardiovascular compromise
• Aerosolized diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease
• Air versus oxygen for resuscitation of infants at birth
• Albumin infusion for low serum albumin in preterm newborn infants
• Allopurinol for preventing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy
• Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (a1PI) for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants
• Animal derived surfactant extract for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome
• Antibiotic regimens for suspected early neonatal sepsis
• Antibiotic regimens for suspected late onset sepsis in newborn infants
• Antibiotic regimens for the empirical treatment of newborn infants with necrotising enterocolitis
• Anticonvulsants for neonates with seizures
• Anticonvulsants for preventing mortality and morbidity in full term newborns with perinatal asphyxia
• Antifungal therapy for newborn infants with invasive fungal infection
• Antistaphylococcal immunoglobulins to prevent staphylococcal infection in very low birth weight infants
• Antithrombin for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
• Antiviral agents for treatment of herpes simplex virus infection in neonates
• Arginine supplementation for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants
• Audio recordings of consultations with doctors for parents of critically sick babies
• Avoidance of bottles during the establishment of breast feeds in preterm infants

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B

• Banked preterm versus banked term human milk to promote growth and development in very low birth weight infants
• Base administration or fluid bolus for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with metabolic acidosis
• Body positioning for spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea
• Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates
• Bronchodilators for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants

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C

• Caffeine versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants
• Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants
• Carbohydrate supplementation of human milk to promote growth in preterm infants
• Carnitine supplementation for preterm infants with recurrent apnea
• Carnitine supplementation of parenterally fed neonates
• Chest physiotherapy for preventing morbidity in babies being extubated from mechanical ventilation
• Chest physiotherapy for reducing respiratory morbidity in infants requiring ventilatory support
• Clinical decision support systems for neonatal care
• Clofibrate in combination with phototherapy for unconjugated neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia
• Co-bedding in neonatal nursery for promoting growth and neurodevelopment in stable preterm twins
• Continuous distending pressure for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
• Continuous heparin infusion to prevent thrombosis and catheter occlusion in neonates with peripherally placed percutaneous central venous catheters
• Continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus doses of indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus closure in symptomatic preterm infants
• Continuous infusion versus intermittent flushing to prevent loss of function of peripheral intravenous catheters used for drug administration in newborn infants
• Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for premature infants less than 1500 grams
• Continuous positive airway pressure versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants
• Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
• Corticosteroids for treating hypotension in preterm infants
• Cot-nursing versus incubator care for preterm infants
• Cromolyn sodium for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants
• Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed
• Cycled light in the intensive care unit for preterm and low birth weight infants
• Cysteine, cystine or N-acetylcysteine supplementation in parenterally fed neonates

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D

• D-Penicillamine for preventing retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants
• Deep versus shallow suction of endotracheal tubes in ventilated neonates and young infants
• Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants
• Developmental care for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants
• Devices and pressure sources for administration of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in preterm neonates
• Diazepam for treating tetanus
• Digoxin in the prevention or treatment of respiratory distress syndrome
• Diuretic therapy for newborn infants with posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation
• Diuretics acting on the distal renal tubule for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease
• Diuretics for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
• Dopamine for prevention of morbidity and mortality in term newborn infants with suspected perinatal asphyxia
• Dopamine versus dobutamine for hypotensive preterm infants
• Dopamine vs no treatment to prevent renal dysfunction in indomethacin-treated preterm newborn infants
• Double wall versus single wall incubator for reducing heat loss in very low birth weight infants in incubators
• Doxapram treatment for apnea in preterm infants
• Doxapram versus methylxanthine for apnea in preterm infants

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E

• Early (< 8 days) postnatal corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants
• Early administration of inhaled corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in ventilated very low birth weight preterm neonates
• Early developmental intervention programmes post-hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive impairments in preterm infants
• Early discharge with home support of gavage feeding for stable preterm infants who have not established full oral feeds
• Early erythropoietin for preventing red blood cell transfusion in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
• Early intravenous nutrition for the prevention of neonatal jaundice
• Early introduction of lipids to parenterally-fed preterm infants
• Early light reduction for preventing retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants
• Early removal versus expectant management of central venous catheters in neonates with bloodstream infection
• Early surfactant administration with brief ventilation vs selective surfactant and continued mechanical ventilation for preterm infants with or at risk for respiratory distress syndrome
• Early trophic feeding for very low birth weight infants
• Early versus delayed initiation of continuous distending pressure for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
• Early versus delayed selective surfactant treatment for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
• Early versus late discontinuation of oxygen in preterm or low birth weight infants
• Early versus late erythropoietin for preventing red blood cell transfusion in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
• Early volume expansion for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants
• Early volume expansion versus inotrope for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants
• Effect of taurine supplementation on growth and development in preterm or low birth weight infants
• Elective high frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
• Elective high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants
• Endotracheal intubation at birth for preventing morbidity and mortality in vigorous, meconium-stained infants born at term
• Enteral antibiotics for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in low birthweight or preterm infants
• Enteral iron supplementation in preterm and low birth weight infants
• Epinephrine for the resuscitation of apparently stillborn or extremely bradycardic newborn infants
• Erythromycin for the prevention and treatment of feeding intolerance in preterm infants
• Erythromycin for the prevention of chronic lung disease in intubated preterm infants at risk for, or colonized or infected with Ureaplasma urealyticum
• Ethamsylate for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm or very low birth weight infants
• Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe respiratory failure in newborn infants
• Extubation from low-rate intermittent positive airways pressure versus extubation after a trial of endotracheal continuous positive airways pressure in intubated preterm infants

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F

• Fat supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants
• Feed thickener for newborn infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux
• Fibreoptic phototherapy for neonatal jaundice
• Flow-cycled versus time-cycled synchronized ventilation for neonates
• Fluid restriction and prophylactic indomethacin versus prophylactic indomethacin alone for prevention of morbidity and mortality in extremely low birth weight infants
• Fluid restriction for term infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia
• Formula milk versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants
• Formula milk versus maternal breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants
• Formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants
• Furosemide for prevention of morbidity in indomethacin-treated infants with patent ductus arteriosus
• Furosemide for transient tachypnea of the newborn

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G

• G-CSF and GM-CSF for treating or preventing neonatal infections
• Glutamine supplementation for prevention of morbidity in preterm infants
• Glutamine supplementation for young infants with severe gastrointestinal disease
• Gowning by attendants and visitors in newborn nurseries for prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality
• Gradual versus abrupt discontinuation of oxygen in preterm or low birth weight infants
• Granulocyte transfusions for neonates with confirmed or suspected sepsis and neutropaenia

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H

• Heparin for prolonging peripheral intravenous catheter use in neonates
• High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in preterm infants
• High frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for infants with severe pulmonary dysfunction born at or near term
• High versus low medium chain triglyceride content of formula for promoting short term growth of preterm infants
• Higher versus lower protein intake in formula-fed low birth weight infants
• Hydralazine in infants with persistent hypoxemic respiratory failure

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I

• Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
• Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
• Immunoglobulin infusion for isoimmune haemolytic jaundice in neonates
• Increased energy intake for preterm infants with (or developing) bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease
• Indomethacin for asymptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
• Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation
• Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants
• Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in ventilated very low birth weight preterm neonates
• Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of chronic lung disease in ventilated very low birth weight preterm infants
• Inositol for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
• Instruments for assessing readiness to commence suck feeds in preterm infants: effects on time to establish full oral feeding and duration of hospitalisation
• Interventions for non-oliguric hyperkalaemia in preterm neonates
• Interventions for prevention of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth weight infants
• Interventions for treatment of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth weight infants
• Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birthweight babies
• Intramuscular penicillin for the prevention of early onset group B streptococcal infection in newborn infants
• Intratracheal Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) administration in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
• Intravenous dexamethasone for extubation of newborn infants
• Intravenous immunoglobulin for preventing infection in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
• Intravenous immunoglobulin for suspected or subsequently proven infection in neonates
• Intravenous in-line filters for preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates
• Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit
• Intravenous or enteral loop diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease
• Intraventricular antibiotics for bacterial meningitis in neonates
• Intraventricular Streptokinase after Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Newborn Infants
• Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants

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J

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K

• Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants
• Kinesthetic stimulation for preventing apnea in preterm infants
• Kinesthetic stimulation for treating apnea in preterm infants
• Kinesthetic stimulation versus methylxanthine for apnea in preterm infants

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L

• Lactase treated feeds to promote growth and feeding tolerance in preterm infants
• Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
• Laryngeal mask airway versus bag-mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation
• Late (>7 days) inhalation corticosteroids to reduce bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infant
• Late (>7 days) postnatal corticosteroids for chronic lung disease in preterm infants
• Late erythropoietin for preventing red blood cell transfusion in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
• Late versus early surgical correction for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborn infants
• Lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) to reduce pain in male neonates undergoing circumcision
• Light-emitting diode phototherapy for unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates
• Local anaesthetic eye drops for prevention of pain in preterm infants undergoing screening for retinopathy of prematurity
• Long versus short inspiratory times in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation
• Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term
• Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of preterm infants
• Low versus high haemoglobin concentration threshold for blood transfusion for preventing morbidity and mortality in very low birth weight infants

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M

• Magnesium sulfate for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
• Massage for promoting growth and development of preterm and/or low birth-weight infants
• Mechanical ventilation for newborn infants with respiratory failure due to pulmonary disease
• Metalloporphyrins for treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in neonates
• Methylxanthine treatment for apnea in preterm infants
• Milrinone for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
• Moderately early (7-14 days) postnatal corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants
• Multicomponent fortified human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants
• Multinutrient fortification of human breast milk for preterm infants following hospital discharge
• Multiple versus single doses of exogenous surfactant for the prevention or treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
• Multiple versus single lumen umbilical venous catheters for newborn infants

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N

• Naloxone for narcotic-exposed newborn infants
• Naloxone for preventing morbidity and mortality in newborn infants of greater than 34 weeks gestation with suspected perinatal asphyxia
• Nasal continuous positive airways pressure immediately after extubation for preventing morbidity in preterm infants
• Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for apnea of prematurity
• Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm neonates after extubation
• Nasal versus oral intubation for mechanical ventilation of newborn infants
• Nasal versus oral route for placing feeding tubes in preterm or low birth weight infants
• Natural surfactant extract versus synthetic surfactant for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
• Nebulised surfactant in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
• Nebulized racemic epinephrine for extubation of newborn infants
• Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in developing countries
• Neuromuscular paralysis for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation
• Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term
• Non-nutritive sucking for promoting physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants
• Nutrient-enriched formula milk versus human breast milk for preterm infants following hospital discharge
• Nutrient-enriched formula versus standard term formula for preterm infants following hospital discharge

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O

• Octreotide for the treatment of chylothorax in neonates
• One dose per day compared to multiple doses per day of gentamicin for treatment of suspected or proven sepsis in neonates
• Opiate treatment for opiate withdrawal in newborn infants
• Opioids for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation
• Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth-weight neonates
• Oral immunoglobulin for the prevention of rotavirus infection in low birth weight infants
• Oral immunoglobulin for the treatment of rotavirus diarrhoea in low birth weight infants
• Oral lactoferrin for the prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants
• Oral lactoferrin for the treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates

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P

• Pain relief for neonatal circumcision
• Partial exchange transfusion to prevent neurodevelopmental disability in infants with polycythemia
• Patient isolation measures for infants with candida colonization or infection for preventing or reducing transmission of candida in neonatal units
• Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates
• Percutaneous central venous catheters versus peripheral cannulae for delivery of parenteral nutrition in neonates
• Peripheral retinal ablation in premature infants with threshold retinopathy of prematurity
• Peritoneal drainage versus laparotomy as initial surgical treatment for perforated necrotizing enterocolitis or spontaneous intestinal perforation in preterm low birth weight infants
• Permissive hypercapnia for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants
• Pharyngeal instillation of surfactant before the first breath for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
• Physical activity programs for promoting bone mineralization and growth in preterm infants
• Positive end expiratory pressure for preterm infants requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome or bronchopulmonary dysplasia
• Positive end-expiratory pressure for resuscitation of newborn infants at birth
• Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants
• Postnatal thyroid hormones for preterm infants with transient hypothyroxinaemia
• Postnatal thyroid hormones for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
• Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity
• Pre-discharge "car seat challenge" for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Preoxygenation for tracheal suctioning in intubated, ventilated newborn infants
• Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants
• Probiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity
• Prolonged versus short course of indomethacin for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
• Prophylactic animal derived surfactant extract for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with umbilical artery catheters
• Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with umbilical venous catheters
• Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn infants with intercostal catheters
• Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in ventilated newborn infants
• Prophylactic caffeine to prevent postoperative apnea following general anesthesia in preterm infants
• Prophylactic doxapram for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants undergoing endotracheal extubation
• Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants
• Prophylactic methylxanthine for prevention of apnea in preterm infants
• Prophylactic methylxanthines for extubation in preterm infants
• Prophylactic nasal continuous positive airways pressure for preventing morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants
• Prophylactic oral/topical non-absorbed antifungal agents to prevent invasive fungal infection in very low birth weight infants
• Prophylactic phototherapy for preventing jaundice in preterm or low birth weight infants
• Prophylactic postnatal thyroid hormones for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Prophylactic protein free synthetic surfactant for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Prophylactic surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus for prevention of mortality and morbidity in extremely low birth weight infants
• Prophylactic systemic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with central venous catheters
• Prophylactic systemic antifungal agents to prevent mortality and morbidity in very low birth weight infants
• Prophylactic versus selective antibiotics for term newborn infants of mothers with risk factors for neonatal infection
• Prophylactic versus selective use of surfactant in preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Prophylactic vitamin K for vitamin K deficiency bleeding in neonates
• Propofol for procedural sedation/anaesthesia in neonates
• Protein containing synthetic surfactant versus animal derived surfactant extract for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome
• Protein containing synthetic surfactant versus protein-free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome
• Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants
• Push versus gravity for intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of premature and low birth weight infants

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Q

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R

• Radiant warmers versus incubators for regulating body temperature in newborn infants
• Rapid correction of early metabolic acidaemia in comparison with placebo, no intervention or slow correction in LBW infants
• Rapid versus slow rate of advancement of feedings for promoting growth and preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in parenterally fed low-birth-weight infants
• Recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis in neonates
• Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy in early infancy
• Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular hemorrhage
• Replacement of estrogens and progestins to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Rescue high frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction
• Rescue high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants
• Respiratory function monitoring to reduce mortality and morbidity in newborn infants receiving resuscitation
• Restricted versus liberal oxygen exposure for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm or low birth weight infants
• Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Routine neonatal circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infections in infancy

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S

• Saline irrigation for the management of skin extravasation injury in neonates
• Screening programmes for developmental dysplasia of the hip in newborn infants
• Sedatives for opiate withdrawal in newborn infants
• Selenium supplementation to prevent short-term morbidity in preterm neonates
• Servo-control for maintaining abdominal skin temperature at 36C in low birth weight infants
• Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates
• Single versus double volume exchange transfusion in jaundiced newborn infants
• Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants
• Sodium bicarbonate infusion during resuscitation of infants at birth
• Soy formula for prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants
• Steroid therapy for meconium aspiration syndrome in newborn infants
• Strategies for the withdrawal of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in preterm infants
• Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures
• Superoxide dismutase for preventing chronic lung disease in mechanically ventilated preterm infants
• Supplemental oxygen for the treatment of prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity
• Surfactant for bacterial pneumonia in late preterm and term infants
• Surfactant for meconium aspiration syndrome in full term infants
• Surfactant for pulmonary haemorrhage in neonates
• Surgical versus medical treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
• Synchronized Mechanical Ventilation for Respiratory Support in Newborn Infants
• Synthetic surfactant treatment for preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome

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T

• Telemedicine for the support of parents of high-risk newborn infants
• The effect of inotropes on morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with low systemic or organ blood flow
• Thrombolytic agents for arterial and venous thromboses in neonates
• Thyroid hormone supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants undergoing cardiac surgery
• Thyroid hormones for preventing neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants
• Topical ointment for preventing infection in preterm infants
• Tracheal gas insufflation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants
• Tracheal suctioning without disconnection in intubated ventilated neonates
• Transfer of preterm infants from incubator to open cot at lower versus higher body weight
• Transpyloric versus gastric tube feeding for preterm infants

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U

• Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of catheter design (end vs. side hole)
• Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of catheter materials
• Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of heparin
• Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of position of the catheter tip

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V

• Vancomycin for prophylaxis against sepsis in preterm neonates
• Venepuncture versus heel lance for blood sampling in term neonates
• Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants six months of age or less
• Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short- and long-term morbidity in very low birthweight infants
• Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation in the neonate

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W

• Ward reduction without general anaesthesia versus reduction and repair under general anaesthesia for gastroschisis in newborn infants

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X

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Y

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Z

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